Explanation

 An individual becomes a member of social group through the process of Learning

Explanation

 The first two weeks of life are referred to as The neonatal period

زندگی کے پہلے دو ہفتوں کو نوزائیدہ مدت کہا جاتا ہے۔

Explanation

It would be more accurate to say that maturation is greatly accelerated by good health care and delayed by illness

Explanation

Style of behaving is part of the psychosocial domain

Explanation

The embryonic stage lasts from about the third week of pregnancy until the eighth week of pregnancy.

The blastocyst begins to take on distinct human characteristics.

It's now called an embryo.

Structures and organs like the neural tube (which later becomes the brain and spinal cord), head, eyes, mouth and limbs form.

Explanation

When a researcher tests several groups of people at the same time each group at a different age, he is conducting a(n) Cross-sectional  study.

جب ایک محقق ایک ہی وقت میں لوگوں کے کئی گروہوں کو مختلف عمروں میں جانچتا ہے، تو وہ ایک کراس سیکشنل مطالعہ کر رہا ہوتا ہے۔

Explanation

 Piaget’s stage for infancy is Sensory motor thoughts

بچپن کے لیے Piaget کا مرحلہ حسی موٹر خیالات ہے۔

Explanation

Job satisfaction is enhanced by tasks that are Challenging but not overwhelming

Explanation

Basic characteristics of tasks that result in social loafing is that they are Additive

Explanation

 Albert Ellis and Aron Beck are names associated with the cognitive therapy approach.

Explanation

An affective disorder in which a person swings from one mood extreme to another is classified as bipolar

Explanation

The leading cause of mind retardation is believed to be Inherited traits 

Explanation

People who consistently come up with overly optimistic explanations for negative events are more prone to depression.

جو لوگ مسلسل منفی واقعات کے لیے حد سے زیادہ پر امید وضاحتیں پیش کرتے ہیں وہ ڈپریشن کا زیادہ شکار ہوتے ہیں۔

Explanation

Explanation

Systematic desensitization, or graduated exposure therapy, is a behavior therapy developed by the psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe.

It is used when a phobia or anxiety disorder is maintained by classical conditioning.

It shares the same elements of both cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied behavior analysis.

Explanation

In social learning theory, attention is the first step where individuals focus on the behavior being observed.

Retention follows, where individuals remember the observed behavior.

Reproduction is the next step, where individuals imitate or replicate the behavior they have observed.

Explanation

Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in learning, suggesting that individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

He is the psychologist who developed the social learning theory.

He conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment to support his theory, which showed that children learn aggressive behaviors by observing adult models.

Bandura's social learning theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and has influenced our understanding of how behavior is acquired and shaped.

Explanation

Explanation

Vicarious punishment occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a particular behavior decreases after having seen a model's behavior being punished.

In this process, the observer learns from the negative consequences experienced by the model and decides not to engage in the same behavior to avoid similar punishment.

This type of learning is a key aspect of social learning theory, where individuals learn by observing and imitating others.

Explanation

Social learning theory involves both reinforcement and punishment.

Whereas vicarious reinforcement is only related to reinforcement we experience by watching others.

Explanation

Observational learning is a process in which individuals learn by observing the behavior of others, known as models.

This type of learning does not require direct experience or reinforcement, as individuals can acquire new knowledge and skills simply by watching others.

It involves the cognitive processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

By observing and imitating the behavior of a model, individuals can learn new behaviors, attitudes, and even emotional responses.

This form of learning is particularly influential during childhood and can greatly impact socialization and the development of various skills.

Explanation

Albert Bandura is the correct answer because he was a scientist who believed in observational learning.

This theory suggests that individuals can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated how children imitate aggressive behavior they observe in adults.

His work greatly contributed to the understanding of social learning and the role of observation in the acquisition of new behaviors.

Explanation

Observing real-life exposure to actual violence can lead to an increase in aggression.

This is because witnessing violence can desensitize individuals to aggressive behavior,

making them more likely to engage in aggressive actions themselves.

Additionally, exposure to violence can also serve as a model for aggressive behavior, as individuals may imitate what they see.

Explanation

Explanation

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that our emotions are a result of our physiological responses to stimuli.

However, this theory has been discredited because people who have experienced spinal cord injuries and therefore have limited physiological responses still experience emotions.

This suggests that physiological responses are not necessary for the experience of emotions, contradicting the James-Lange theory.

Explanation

Explanation

According to the text, people will nearly always voice their convictions if  one other person has done so.

متن کے مطابق، لوگ تقریباً ہمیشہ اپنے اعتقادات کا اظہار کریں گے اگر کسی دوسرے شخص نے ایسا کیا ہے۔

Explanation

According to the text, the most famous and controversial experiments of social psychology are Milgram's obedience experiments.

Explanation

The training of tortures by the military junta in Greece illustrates  the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Explanation

An accomplice of the experimenter is confederate

Explanation

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is acceptance

مطابقت جس میں سماجی دباؤ کے مطابق عمل کرنا اور یقین کرنا دونوں شامل ہیں قبولیت ہے۔

Explanation

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing is compliance

مطابقت جس میں عوامی طور پر سماجی دباؤ کے مطابق کام کرنا شامل ہے جبکہ نجی طور پر اختلاف کرنا تعمیل ہے

Explanation

A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure is conformity

حقیقی یا تصوراتی گروپ کے دباؤ کے نتیجے میں رویے یا عقیدے میں تبدیلی موافقت ہے۔

Explanation

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that frustration tends to lead to aggression.

مایوسی-جارحیت کا مفروضہ یہ بتاتا ہے کہ مایوسی جارحیت کا باعث بنتی ہے۔

Explanation

Freud proposed that the mind is divided into three components: id, ego, and superego,

 that the interactions and conflicts among the components create personality.

According to Freudian theory, the id is the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses.

Explanation

The humanistic approach emphasizes personal growth, self-awareness, and free will.

It is less deterministic because it believes that people have the ability to change and develop throughout their lives.

Explanation

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis,

a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche,

through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it. 

Born: May 6, 1856, Příbor, Czechia

Died: September 23, 1939 , United Kingdom

Explanation

There are several different types of perceptual constancies,

but the two most important ones are size constancy and shape constancy.

Explanation

Depth perception is the ability to perceive distance to objects in the world using the visual system and visual perception.

It is a major factor in perceiving the world in three dimensions.

Depth perception happens primarily due to stereopsis and accommodation of the eye. 

Explanation

Perception of the brightness of a color is affected mainly by  the amplitude of light waves 

Explanation

Reticular formation part of the brain sends signals "alert" to the higher centres in response to incoming messages

Explanation

Whereas the functionalist asked what happens when an organism does something; the structuralist asked how and why.

Explanation

 Freud believed that adults’ problems usually Can be traced back to critical stage during childhood 

Explanation

E.B. Titchener defined ‘Psychology’ as the science of Conscious Experience

Explanation

J.B. Watson, the founder and father of behaviouristic school of psychology,

defined ‘Psychology’ as the science of Behaviour

Explanation

Explanation

According to the text, the lower level of explanation corresponds to biological processes.

Explanation

A psychologist exploring the impact of a new drug on activity in the brain is working on the lower level of explanation.

Explanation

A psychologist studying what makes people laugh in different countries around the world is working on the higher level of explanation.

Explanation

The term “tabula rasa” highlights the importance of experience  in shaping behaviour.