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Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor.

one of the fathers of modern psychology.

Wundt, who distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology,

was the first person ever to call himself a psychologist. 

Born: August 16, 1832, , Germany

Died: August 31, 1920, Germany

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Alfred Adler was a psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology.

Born: February 7, 1870,  Austria

Died: May 28, 1937, United Kingdom

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A cardinal trait is one that dominates your entire personality, and hence your life—such as Ebenezer Scrooge's greed and Mother Theresa's altruism. Cardinal traits are not very common:

Few people have personalities dominated by a single trait. Instead, our personalities typically are composed of multiple traits.

Explanation

The traits that would best describe a football player would be Mesomorph.

According to Sheldon, people with a mesomorph body type tend to have a medium frame. 

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Ingratiating is a psychological technique in which an individual attempts to influence another person by becoming more likeable to their target.

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General intelligence is a term that consists of a variety of cognitive talents.

These skills enable people to learn new things and solve issues.

This broad mental capacity underpins specialised mental talents in spatial, mathematical, mechanical, and linguistic skills.

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Metacognitive skills – often referred to as 'thinking about thinking', particularly to improve learning.

Metacognitive skills include planning, mental scripting, positive self-talk, self-questioning, self-monitoring and a range of other learning and study strategies.

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Intelligence has been defined in many ways:

the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. 

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Language in the form of phonemes of words is typically apparent in children of  one year age

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The sensorimotor stage typically takes place within the first two years of a child's life.

It is marked by the child discovering the difference between themselves and their environment.

At that point, they will use their senses to learn things about both themselves and their environment.

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Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues.

These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it

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A “voluntary confession” is an admission of guilt or culpability for a crime committed by a person.

The absence of any outside influence or force distinguishes a voluntary confession. 

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Research has documented that physical development during adolescence affects all of the following except computer skills 

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Developmental psychologists study the effects of maturation, learning, and experience on behavior.

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Machine Design is an American trade magazine and website serving the OEM engineering market.

Its print issues reach qualified design engineers and engineering managers twice a month. 

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Comparative psychology refers to the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals,

especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior.

The phrase comparative psychology may be employed in a narrow and a broad meaning. 

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Natural law is a theory of ethics that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern our reasoning and behavior.

It states that there are universal moral standards that are seen across time periods

and societies because these standards form the basis of a just society.

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Behaviorism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods and especially experimentation.

In addition, it is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Behavior modification is commonly used in classroom settings.

Explanation

The main theme of "Leviathan" included Hobbes' arguments/defense of a monarchy style government.

There are four main parts of "Leviathan," which include:

the nature of man,

the social contract,

the role of religion,

and the "kingdom of darkness"/ignorance.

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An approach to psychology that analyses mental states and behaviors in terms of their purposes,

placing an emphasis on the broad capability of the human mind.

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Gestalt psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism is a school of psychology and

a theory of perception that emphasises the processing of entire patterns and configurations, and not merely individual components. 

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He developed a theory of two types of society,

the militant and the industrial,

which corresponded to this evolutionary progression.

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A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior.

Their work often involves the experimentation, observation,

and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments. 

Explanation

Peer influence is when you choose to do something you wouldn't otherwise do,

because you want to feel accepted and valued by your friends.

It isn't just or always about doing something against your will.

Comparative psychology refers to the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals,

especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior.

The phrase comparative psychology may be employed in a narrow and a broad meaning. 

Explanation

Edwin Hardin Sutherland was an American sociologist.

He is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century. 

Born: August 13, 1883, United States

Died: October 11, 1950 

Explanation

The concept that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is central to Gestalt psychology, a school of thought in psychology. Gestalt psychologists believe that human perception organizes sensory information into meaningful wholes, rather than individual components. 

Explanation

Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals.

It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the

late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig.

Explanation

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories:

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism.

Thus, Abraham Maslow established the need for a "third force" in psychology. 

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The recency effect is a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas,

or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first.

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information about how to approach familiar situations such as a day at school,

washing clothes or ordering in a restaurant is organized into knowledge structures referred to as schemes .

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Sensory memory is the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain and relaying through the thalamus.

It lasts only milliseconds and is mostly outside conscious awareness.

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Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later retrieving information.

There are three major processes involved in memory:encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information.

However, this is not a flawless process.

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The theory of Gestalt emphasized a flow of consciousness

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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called the optic nerve.

The symptoms can start so slowly that you may not notice them.

The only way to find out if you have glaucoma is to get a comprehensive dilated eye exam.

Explanation

Cognitive style or thinking style is a concept used in cognitive psychology to describe the way individuals think,

perceive and remember information.

Cognitive style differs from cognitive ability,

the latter being measured by aptitude tests or so-called intelligence tests. 

Explanation

The incentive theory of motivation is a behavioral theory that suggests people are motivated by a drive for incentives and reinforcement.

The incentive theory also proposes that people behave in a way they believe will result in a reward and avoid actions that may entail punishment.

Explanation

The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate, growth and development.

It plays a role in controlling heart, muscle and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance.

Its correct functioning depends on a good supply of iodine from the diet.

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Classical conditioning is one of those unconscious learning methods and is the most straightforward way in which humans can learn.

Classical conditioning is the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.

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observational learning, method of learning that consists of observing

and modeling another individual's behavior,

attitudes, or emotional expressions.quesqu

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Extinction is a behavioral phenomenon observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior,

which manifests itself by fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. 

Explanation

Your cerebellum is a part of your brain located at the back of your head,

just above and behind where your spinal cord connects to your brain itself.

The name “cerebellum” comes from Latin and means “little brain.”

For centuries, scientists believed your cerebellum's job was to coordinate your muscle movements.

Explanation

Operant conditioning is also knowns as Instrumental conditioning.

Explanation

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus.

An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus.

The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment.

Explanation

Pavlov introduced the ringing of the bell as a neutral stimulus.

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus.

An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus.

Explanation

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, inventor, and social philosopher.

He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. 

Born: March 20, 1904, United States

Died: August 18, 1990, United States

Explanation

Sidney Leavitt Pressey was professor of psychology at Ohio State University for many years.

He is famous for having invented a teaching machine many years before the idea became popular.

Born: 1888, United States

Died: July 1, 1979