Explanation

The curriculum which is essential (farz) at all levels of education in an Islamic context is the studies of Quran and Sunnah.

Explanation

The educational philosophy conveyed through the famous novel "Emile" was by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Explanation

• Selecting an appropriate course of study is a function of "Educational counselling."
• Educational counselors assist students in making informed decisions about their academic pursuits, including selecting courses, majors, and educational pathways that align with their interests, abilities, and goals.

Explanation

• Guidance should be emphasized because it "Helps pupils to help themselves."
• The primary goal of guidance is to empower students to develop the skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed to make informed decisions, solve problems, and navigate challenges independently.
• It promotes self-reliance and self-efficacy, enabling students to take control of their own lives and achieve their goals.

Explanation

• The main purpose of guidance is "To develop the power of self-guidance."
• The goal is to empower individuals to make informed decisions, solve problems, and navigate challenges independently, rather than becoming dependent on external guidance.

Explanation

The evidence indicating that upbringing affects one's mental ability is provided by the finding: "That siblings reared together are more similar in IQ than siblings reared apart."

This suggests that shared environmental factors, such as upbringing, play a role in shaping mental ability.

Explanation

According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Specifically, it depends on the predictiveness or reliability of the CS in signaling the occurrence of the UCS.

Explanation

The tendency to view one’s own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways is known as ethnocentrism.

Explanation

• The approach that might suggest that forgetting to pick his mother up at the airport was Henry’s unconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit is the Psychoanalytic approach.
• This approach, pioneered by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the influence of unconscious processes, motives, and conflicts on behavior.

Explanation

According to William James, understanding the activities of the mind for adjustment to the environment is more important than the composition. This perspective aligns with Functionalism.