Explanation

The primary lymphatic drainage of carcinoma of the ovary typically goes into the para-aortic lymph nodes

Due to the anatomical location and lymphatic pathways of the ovaries.

The para-aortic lymph nodes, also known as the lumbar lymph nodes

They are located near the aorta in the abdomen.

The lymphatic vessels from the ovaries converge and drain into the para-aortic lymph nodes, along with lymphatic vessels from other pelvic organs such as:

• the uterus
• fallopian tubes
• part of the vagina

Carcinoma of the ovary often spreads initially to nearby structures within the pelvis and abdomen.

Due to the close proximity of the ovaries to the para-aortic lymph nodes

And the pattern of lymphatic drainage in the pelvic region, metastatic cancer cells from the ovaries are likely to travel

Through the lymphatic vessels and reach the para-aortic lymph nodes.

Explanation

The infection agent that is most strongly associated with the development of liver cancer is the Hepatitis B virus (HBV).

HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen, or other body fluids.

The infection can be passed from:

• mother to child during childbirth
• through sexual contact
• by sharing needles that are used to inject drugs

Explanation

Kanamycin has a propensity to cause profound cochlear hair cell damage, marked high-frequency hearing loss, and complete deafness.

The damaging effect is primarily on the cochlea

While the vestibular system is usually spared injury.

Explanation

In epiglottitis, the epiglottis appears swollen and enlarged (the thumb or thumbprint sign)

Explanation

Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis (RP) is also known as Caplan syndrome

It is swelling (inflammation) and scarring of the lungs.

It occurs in people with rheumatoid arthritis

Who has breathed in dust, such as from coal (coal worker's pneumoconiosis) or silica.

Explanation

It has an incubation period of between 7 and 17 days after exposure

And only becomes infectious once the fever develops.

A distinctive rash appears two to three days later.

The most infectious period is during the first week of illness

Although a person with smallpox is still infectious until the last scabs fall off.

Explanation

Tumors secreting placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) are commonly associated with germ cell tumors, particularly dysgerminomas.

Dysgerminomas are malignant ovarian tumors

This tumor typically occurs in young women.

They often produce elevated levels of PLAP, which can be detected in blood tests.

Explanation

Eyesight problems, such as hypermetropia, are also known as refractive errors. 

The medical name for long-sightedness is hypermetropia, sometimes called hyperopia.

Long-sightedness leads to problems with near vision (seeing things that are close up) and the eyes may commonly become tired.

Explanation

Immunization against hepatitis B also protects against hepatitis D (HDV) infection.

Hepatitis D virus can only infect individuals who are already infected with hepatitis B.

Therefore, vaccination against hepatitis B also prevents hepatitis D infection, as the hepatitis B surface antigen is necessary for the HDV to replicate.

Explanation

The pterygopalatine ganglion is most likely to be affected in a 64-year-old male presenting with dry eyes.

This ganglion is involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal glands,

Which are responsible for tear production.

Dysfunction in this ganglion can lead to decreased lacrimal secretion and consequently dry eyes.