Explanation

The medication that functions as a cholinergic muscarinic antagonist is hyoscine

Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine.

It blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the vestibular system and in the central nervous system

Which helps reduce motion sickness and nausea.

Explanation

Quinsy, also known as peritonsillar abscess, is a complication of acute tonsillitis Characterized by the accumulation of pus around the tonsils

It is not a primary cause of acute sore throat

But can develop due to untreated or inadequately treated acute tonsillitis.

Explanation

Mothers known to be HIV-infected (and whose infants are HIV uninfected or of unknown HIV status)

Should exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first 6 months of life

Introduce appropriate complementary foods thereafter, and continue breastfeeding.

Explanation

The lymphatics of the intermediate and proximal parts of the urethra and cavernous bodies drain into the internal iliac lymph nodes.

The distal spongy urethra and glans penis drain to the deep inguinal nodes.

Explanation

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal passages caused by an immune response to allergens such as:

• pollen
• dust mites
• animal dander
• mold

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic responses

And their increased presence in nasal secretions is a hallmark of allergic inflammation.

Explanation

Antiphospholipid antibodies are the risk factor for preeclampsia.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder

That is associated with pregnancy complications, including:

• preeclampsia
• thrombosis
• autoimmune thrombocytopenia
• fetal growth restriction
• fetal loss
  

Explanation

The most common and widely distributed air pollutant among the options provided is carbon dioxide (CO2).

Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas in the Earth's atmosphere.

Still, human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, have significantly increased its concentration in the atmosphere.

CO2 is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change.

Explanation

Functional residual capacity (FRC), is the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation.

It is the combination of residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume

In a normal individual, this is about 3L.

The FRC also represents the point of the breathing cycle

where the lung tissue elastic recoil and chest wall outward expansion are balanced and equal.

Explanation

The health challenges faced by rural communities necessitate a focus on primary healthcare.

This approach aims to meet the basic healthcare needs of individuals and communities in rural areas.

emphasizes:

• preventive care,
• health education,
• early intervention,

Explanation

In carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, the common bile duct causes pain and pressure.

Patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas typically present with painless jaundice (70%).

Usually due to obstruction of the common bile duct from the pancreatic head tumor.

Weight loss occurs in about 90% of patients.

Abdominal pain occurs in about 75% of patients.