Explanation

Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some algae, responsible for photosynthesis.

The stroma is the semifluid protein-containing region within the chloroplast where light-dependent reactions occur.

Explanation

Bioenergetics is the process by which living organisms convert free energy into different forms.

Such as light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis, or chemical energy from nutrients to kinetic energy in cellular respiration.

This conversion is essential for maintaining life and supporting various cellular activities.

Explanation

Centrioles are composed of 27 microtubules arranged in a specific pattern of nine triplets (9 x 3 = 27).

These microtubules are highly stable and form a rigid structure that plays a critical role in the formation of cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers during cell division.

Explanation

The resolution of a microscope is defined as the smallest distance between two points that can still be distinguished as separate.

The field of view of a microscope is defined as the largest distance between two points that can be observed simultaneously without moving the sample or the microscope.

Explanation

The numerical value of G (the gravitational constant) remains constant everywhere in the universe, regardless of the location, time, or conditions.

G is a fundamental constant of nature that describes the strength of gravitational attraction between objects.

Explanation

According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the force of gravity (F) is proportional to:

• The product of the two masses (m1 and m2): F ∝ m1 m2
• The inverse square of the distance (r) between the centers of the two objects: F ∝ 1/r^2

Explanation

The International System of Units (SI) is a modern metric system that defines the units of measurement for base quantities.

Such as length, mass, time, current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.

The SI system was established in 1960 and is widely used across the world as a standardized system of measurement.

Explanation

A 10% (w/w) sugar solution means that 10 grams of sugar (the solute) is dissolved in 90 grams of water (the solvent), making a total of 100 grams of solution.

The percentage is calculated as:

(10 g sugar / 100 g total) × 100% = 10% (w/w)

So, 10 grams of sugar is dissolved in 90 grams of water.

Explanation

A diatomic molecule is a molecule composed of two atoms, either of the same element (homogeneous) or different elements (heterogeneous).

Examples of diatomic molecules include:

• Hydrogen (H2)
• Oxygen (O2)
• Nitrogen (N2)

Explanation

• Photolysis is the process by which water (H2O) is split into hydrogen ions (H+), electrons, and oxygen (O2) in the presence of light.
• This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts during photosynthesis and is driven by light energy.