Explanation

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger molecule that is involved in intracellular signaling pathways, not extracellular signaling.

Explanation

Sunlight provides the energy that plants use during photosynthesis to produce food.

It is the primary source of energy in almost all ecosystems.

Explanation

Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate in plants and a major component of the plant cell wall.

It provides structural support.

It is made of long chains of glucose molecules.

Explanation

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs solid particles like bacteria or debris by forming a vesicle around them.

It is commonly performed by white blood cells (phagocytes) as part of the immune defense system.

Explanation

Unstable angina is treated with antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel, along with other interventions like nitrates or heparin.

Explanation

A reflex action does not typically involve the brain;

it is usually mediated by the spinal cord, along with sensory and motor neurons.

Explanation

• In bacterial cells, the DNA is found floating in the cytoplasm, rather than being enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus like in eukaryotic cells.
• This region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is found is called the nucleoid.

Explanation

• Telophase is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach their respective poles.
• During Telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes uncoil into chromatin.

Explanation

• The spinal cord is a vital part of the central nervous system.
• It responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Explanation

The food chain is the sequence of energy transfer from:

• Producers (plants, algae, phytoplankton) →
• Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) →
• Decomposers (fungi, bacteria, insects)

This energy transfer is also known as the energy flow or trophic cascade.