Explanation

Deductive reasoning: General to specific.

Inductive reasoning: Specific to general.

Explanation

Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, making them identical to the nucleus of a helium atom (He²⁺).

They carry a +2 charge.

They are emitted during alpha decay in radioactive elements.

Explanation

The energy of a photon is calculated using the formula E = hf, where:

• h = Planck’s constant
• f = frequency of the photon

This shows that photon energy is directly proportional to its frequency.

Explanation

Excitation energy is the energy needed for an electron to jump from its ground state to a higher energy level.

It is less than ionization energy, as the electron remains bound to the atom after excitation.

Explanation

Explanation

Water (H₂O) is composed of 2 hydrogen atoms (1g each) and 1 oxygen atom (16g) → total molar mass = 18g.

Percentage of oxygen = (16/18) × 100 = 88.8% by mass.

Explanation

Choanocytes, also called collar cells, are flagellated cells found in parazoans (sponges).

They help in capturing food particles and aiding digestion by creating a water current.

Explanation

A semiconductor has electrical properties between a conductor and an insulator.

It conducts electricity under certain conditions, making it essential in electronic devices.

Explanation

A liquid with very high vapour pressure boils at a lower temperature because it reaches atmospheric pressure more quickly.

Boiling occurs when vapour pressure equals external pressure — higher vapour pressure means this happens sooner.

Explanation

Atomicity refers to the number of atoms present in a single molecule of an element or compound.

For example, O₂ has an atomicity of 2, while P₄ has an atomicity of 4.