Explanation

Ibn Sina (980-1037 CE) was a renowned Islamic philosopher and scholar who developed the theory of "Essential vs Accidental Existence".

This theory posits that existence can be categorized into two types:

• Essential existence (wujud bi-dhatihi): This refers to the necessary existence of God, which is inherent and self-sustaining.
• Accidental existence (wujud bi-ghayrihi): This refers to the contingent existence of created beings, which is dependent on God's will and sustenance.

Explanation

Ibn Arabi (d. 1240 CE) was a renowned Islamic philosopher, mystic, and scholar who wrote the influential text "Al-Futuhat Al-Makkiyyah" (The Meccan Revelations).

This work is considered one of the most important in Islamic philosophy and Sufism.

"Al-Futuhat Al-Makkiyyah" is a comprehensive treatise on Islamic philosophy, theology, and spirituality, covering topics such as:

• The nature of God and the universe
• The role of the prophet and the imam
• The path to spiritual realization and gnosis
• The unity of existence (wahdat al-wujud)

Explanation

Al-Shafi'i (d. 820 CE) was a renowned Islamic scholar and jurist.

He is known for his work on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, particularly in his book "Al-Risala" (The Treatise).

Al-Shafi'i's contributions to Islamic jurisprudence include:

• Developing the concept of "usul al-fiqh" (principles of jurisprudence)
• Establishing the importance of "ijma" (consensus) and "qiyas" (analogical reasoning) in legal decision-making
• Clarifying the role of "hadith" (Prophetic traditions) in shaping Islamic law

Explanation

Imam Abu Hanifa born kufa  in 699CE ,80 hijri

Died: 767 CE ,150 AH

Buried: Baghdad Iraq

He gives the idea of istihsan 

Explanation

The Naqshband order is a Sufi order that emphasizes the importance of spiritual retreat (khalwa) as a means of spiritual growth and self-purification.

Naqshbandis believe that spiritual retreat allows the individual to focus on their inner self, detach from worldly attachments, and cultivate a deeper connection with God.

The Naqshband order was founded by Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (d. 1389 CE) and is known for its emphasis on:

• Spiritual retreat (khalwa)
• Silent contemplation (muraqaba)
• Devotional love (ishq)
• Inner purification (tazkiya)

Explanation

In Hanafi jurisprudence, a marriage contract concluded without the presence of witnesses is considered valid.

The Hanafi school of thought holds that the presence of witnesses is not a essential condition for the validity of a marriage contract.

Explanation

The Chishti Order is a Sufi order that emphasizes the importance of love and devotion to Allah.

It was founded by Abu Ishaq Shami Chishti (d. 941 CE).

He is known for its emphasis on spiritual purification, self-discipline, and love for the Divine.

Explanation

Al-Mawardi (d. 1058 CE) was a renowned Islamic scholar and jurist.

He wrote extensively on the principles of Islamic governance, politics, and public administration.

His most famous work, "Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya" (The Ordinances of Government), is a seminal text on Islamic political theory and governance.

Explanation

Al-Ghazali is the author of "Al-Iqtisad Fi Al-I'tiqad".

It is an influential text on Islamic theology that explores the principles of Islamic belief and rationality in theology.

Explanation

The Chishti Order is a Sufi order that emphasizes the importance of spiritual love and intimacy with Allah.

The Chishti's believe that love is the most powerful force in the universe and that it is the key to unlocking spiritual growth and self-realization.

They emphasize the development of a personal relationship with Allah, characterized by love, devotion, and intimacy.

The Chishti's also emphasize the importance of:

• Ishq (spiritual love)
• Muhabba (divine love)
• Uns (intimacy with Allah)
• Fana (annihilation of the self)