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Explanation

Ferromagnetic materials are those that can be magnetized and retain their magnetization even after the external magnetic field is removed.

These materials have a high magnetic permeability and strong interactions between magnetic moments, which align in the same direction.

Explanation

This is done through an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring with the help of a carbonation.

The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is a method of generating alkylbenzenes by using alkyl halides as reactants.

The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene is illustrated below.

Explanation

Explanation

Both CS₂ (carbon disulfide) and SO₃ (sulfur trioxide) have zero dipole moment.

Note….: Here CS 2 and SO3 options are correct. However, FPSC did not give a choice of both A and B.

Explanation

HClO (hypochlorous acid) is the weakest acid among the given options.

The acidity of oxyacids of chlorine increases with the number of oxygen atoms bonded to chlorine.

Explanation

The cell constant is a measure used in conductivity measurements and is defined as the ratio of the distance between the electrodes to the area of the electrodes.

Its unit is cm⁻¹ (inverse centimeters), which reflects the geometric configuration of the cell used in measuring conductivity.

Explanation

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a biopolymer composed of long chains of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of genetic material.

Biopolymers are naturally occurring polymers produced by living organisms.

Explanation

O₂ (oxygen molecule) is paramagnetic because it has unpaired electrons in its molecular orbitals.

According to Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT), the electronic configuration of O₂ reveals 

There are two unpaired electrons in the π* anti-bonding orbitals, which are responsible for its paramagnetic properties.

Hybridization and resonance do not directly explain the presence of unpaired electrons in this context.

Explanation

In the complex  [Ni(CN) 4] ^2−, nickel is in the +2 oxidation state and is surrounded by four cyanide (CN⁻) ligands.

According to Crystal Field Theory and based on the strong field nature of cyanide ligands, the complex adopts a square planar geometry.

Explanation

Alpha rays, or alpha particles, are the least penetrating form of radiation.

They consist of two protons and two neutrons

Making them relatively large and heavy compared to beta and gamma rays.