Endocrinology | MCQs

Explanation

 Gonadotropic hormones, like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH),

They are specifically secreted by specialized cells called gonadotrophs within the anterior pituitary gland. 

Explanation

The most important hormone in initiating and maintaining lactation after birth is prolactin. 

Prolactin is the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in the breasts. 

Explanation

Excess melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted in Addison's disease

Because the adrenal glands are not producing enough cortisol

Which leads to an increase in ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Which in turn stimulates the production of MSH, resulting in hyperpigmentation (darkened skin). 

Explanation

The hormone that suppresses ovulation is progesterone. 

Progesterone, particularly high levels during pregnancy, prevents ovulation by inhibiting follicular development and providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus, reducing the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 

Explanation

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone), also known as vasopressin.

It is released by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

ADH regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention and decreased urine production.

Explanation

The liver plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels by storing glucose as glycogen.

When levels are high and releasing glucose into the bloodstream when levels are low.

It helps maintain stable blood glucose levels, especially between meals and during fasting.

Explanation

HbA1c reflects long-term blood glucose levels.

Biguanides, such as Metformin, are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes to help decrease HbA1c.

HbA1c lowering effect

1. Metformin: Typically reduces HbA1c by 1-2% (11-22 mmol/mol).

2. Sulfonylureas: May reduce HbA1c by 0.5-1.5% (5.5-16.5 mmol/mol).

3. Acarbose: Typically reduces HbA1c by 0.5-1% (5.5-11 mmol/mol).

Explanation

Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys

Explanation

The effects of the thyroid come from two iodine containing-hormones