Explanation

For matrices A × B ≠ B × A in general, so matrix multiplication is not commutative.

However, matrix addition is commutative and associative, and matrix multiplication is associative, but not commutative.

Explanation

Callow means ناتجربہ کار

Inexperienced means ناتجربہ کار

Explanation

The general formula for cycloalkanes is CₙH₂ₙ, which matches C₆H₁₂.

A common example is cyclohexane.

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

1. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
   If $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ and $F$ is any antiderivative of $f$ on $[a,b]$, then:

   $${<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">\int </font></b>}_{\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">a</font></b>}}^{\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">b</font></b>}}\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">f</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">(</font></b>\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">x</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">)</font></b>\text{<b><font color="\#0000ff">\hspace{0.17em}</font></b>}\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">d</font></b>}\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">x</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">=</font></b>\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">F</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">(</font></b>\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">b</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">)</font></b><b><font\; color="\#0000ff">-</font></b>\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">F</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">(</font></b>\mathrm{<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">a</font></b>}<b><font\; color="\#0000ff">)</font></b>$$

Explanation

Common equity includes common stock and retained earnings, representing shareholders’ ownership.

It reflects the residual interest in the assets after deducting liabilities.

Explanation

Net profit margin = Net profit ÷ Total revenue × 100.

It shows how efficiently a company converts revenue into actual profit.

Explanation

Partisan means اہل فریق ۔ شریک

Neutral means غیر جانبدار