Explanation

Jean Piaget introduced the concept that children progress through developmental stages as they encounter uncertainty and adjust their worldview to reduce mental discomfort, a process known as cognitive development.

Piaget's theory focuses on how children actively construct their understanding of the world through stages of cognitive development.

Explanation

"Assessment of learning" is used to evaluate student performance by comparing it with learning goals and standards.

It is typically summative and helps in making final judgments about achievement.

Explanation

Andragogy refers to the method and practice of teaching adults.

It differs from pedagogy, which is focused on teaching children.

Explanation

ماہرین تعلیم کے مطابق تعلیم کے کرداری مقاصد 7 ہیں۔

ان میں دیانت، ایثار، شجاعت، محنت، صبر، رواداری، اور سچائی شامل ہیں۔

Explanation

نیم رسمی تعلیم میں استاتذہ سے جزوقتی کام لے کر مختلف کورسز کی تدریس کی جاتی ہے، جو رسمی اور غیر رسمی تعلیم کے درمیان کی حالت ہوتی ہے۔

یہ تعلیم کچھ حد تک منظم ہوتی ہے مگر مکمل طور پر رسمی نہیں ہوتی۔

Explanation

• An assessment that is generally carried out at the end of a course to assign students a course grade is called Summative assessment.
• This type of assessment evaluates student learning outcomes and determines the level of achievement or mastery attained at the end of a course or instructional period.
• Summative assessment takes place after the learning has been completed and provides information and feedback that sums up the teaching and learning process.

Explanation

B.F. Skinner contributed significantly to educational psychology through his work on behaviorism and learning theories.

He developed the concept of operant conditioning, which explains how reinforcement influences learning and behavior.

Explanation

Explanation

• The teaching strategy that includes breaking down complex concepts into smaller, more manageable parts and teaching them sequentially is known as "Scaffolding."
• Scaffolding involves providing temporary support and guidance to students as they develop their understanding and skills, gradually removing this support as students become more proficient in the subject matter.

Explanation

The Individualization Principle focuses on designing curriculum that caters to the diverse needs, abilities, and interests of individual learners.

It allows flexibility in pace, content, and teaching methods to support personalized learning.