Explanation

His knowledge of the subject is extensive.

اس موضوع پر ان کا علم وسیع ہے۔

"Extensive" means having a large or broad scope.

So, the sentence suggests that his knowledge of the subject is wide-ranging and thorough.

Explanation

The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) is the primary organization responsible for dealing with cybercrime in Pakistan.

The FIA's Cybercrime Wing is specifically tasked with investigating and prosecuting cybercrimes.

Including hacking, online fraud, and other technology-related offenses.

Explanation

The series is obtained by alternating between two sequences:

The square of an integer: 1² = 1, 2² = 4, 3² = 9, 4² = 16, 5² = 25

A number decreased by 2: 9 - 2 = 7, 36 - 2 = (not needed in this case)

So, the next term in the series would be:

5² = 25

The correct answer is: 25.

Explanation

The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, passed in 2010, granted maximum provincial autonomy by devolving several federal powers to the provinces.

It significantly enhanced provincial authority over various sectors such as education, health, and local governance.

Explanation

She had completed the report before the meeting started.

وہ میٹنگ شروع ہونے سے پہلے ہی رپورٹ مکمل کر چکی تھی۔

The past perfect tense "had completed" is used to indicate that an action was finished before another past event, in this case, before the meeting started.

Explanation

Q. 1: Write an essay in English on the following topic, not less than 400 words: (20 Marks)

" Role of IT in Governance "

Answer

Introduction

In the contemporary era, Information Technology (IT) has become a fundamental pillar in shaping governance structures and processes. The integration of IT in governance has transformed the way public administration operates, making it more transparent, efficient, and citizen-centric. This essay explores the significant roles that IT plays in governance, including enhancing transparency, improving efficiency, and fostering citizen engagement.

Enhancing Transparency

One of the most profound impacts of IT on governance is the enhancement of transparency. Traditional governance models often suffer from opacity, leading to mistrust and inefficiency. IT has introduced tools and platforms that facilitate greater openness in government operations. For instance, online portals and websites allow citizens to access information regarding government spending, policy decisions, and public services. These digital platforms ensure that government actions are open to scrutiny and that information is readily available to the public. Open data initiatives, supported by IT, further contribute to transparency by making government data accessible and usable for research, analysis, and accountability purposes.

Improving Efficiency

IT has also revolutionized the efficiency of governance. Automation of routine administrative tasks, such as processing forms, managing records, and conducting communications, has streamlined governmental operations. This automation reduces the need for manual intervention, minimizes errors, and speeds up service delivery. For example, e-governance platforms allow citizens to perform various transactions online, such as paying taxes, applying for permits, or registering complaints, without the need for physical visits to government offices. These IT-driven improvements not only save time and resources but also reduce bureaucratic hurdles and enhance the overall effectiveness of public services.

Fostering Citizen Engagement

The role of IT in fostering citizen engagement is another critical aspect of modern governance. Social media platforms, mobile applications, and interactive websites provide new avenues for citizens to engage with their government. These digital tools facilitate two-way communication, allowing citizens to provide feedback, participate in decision-making processes, and voice their concerns. Governments can use these platforms to conduct surveys, hold public consultations, and gauge public opinion on various issues. This increased interaction helps build a more participatory and inclusive governance model, where citizens feel more connected and invested in their government’s actions and decisions.

Challenges and Considerations

Despite its benefits, the integration of IT in governance also presents challenges. Issues such as cybersecurity threats, digital divides, and privacy concerns need to be addressed to ensure the effective use of IT in public administration. Governments must implement robust security measures to protect sensitive data from breaches and ensure that IT infrastructure is resilient to cyberattacks. Additionally, efforts should be made to bridge the digital divide by ensuring that all citizens have access to and can effectively use IT resources. Privacy concerns must be managed through stringent data protection laws and regulations to safeguard individuals’ personal information.

Conclusion

In summary, IT plays a pivotal role in modern governance by enhancing transparency, improving efficiency, and fostering citizen engagement. The integration of IT into governance structures has the potential to transform public administration, making it more responsive and accountable. However, to fully realize these benefits, governments must address the associated challenges and work towards creating an inclusive and secure digital environment. As technology continues to advance, its role in shaping the future of governance will undoubtedly become even more significant, offering new opportunities for innovation and improvement in public administration.