Explanation

The vocal cords are the most common site of lesion-causing hoarseness

The vocal cords are located within the larynx and are crucial for voice production.

When there's an issue with the vocal cords leads to hoarseness:

• inflammation
• nodules
• polyps, or paralysis

Explanation

After gastrectomy, malabsorption is a common condition

That may occur due to the reduced capacity of the digestive system to properly absorb nutrients.

Impaired digestion and nutrient absorption occur without the stomach, leading to malabsorption syndromes.

Explanation

The best period of gestation to carry out chorionic villus sampling (CVS) for prenatal diagnosis is typically between 10-12 weeks

During this period, there is sufficient chorionic villi development for sampling,

The procedure is considered safe and effective for obtaining genetic material for prenatal diagnosis.

Explanation

Clubbing (enlargement and rounding of the fingertips) is not typically associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome.

Plummer-Vinson syndrome, also known as Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome, is characterized by the following features:

1. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing, typically due to esophageal webs.
2. Angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis): Inflammation and cracks at the corners of the mouth.
3. Anemia: Usually iron deficiency anemia, which contributes to other symptoms.
4. Pale conjunctiva: A sign of anemia.

Explanation

Pulmonary embolism is a critical concern after surgery, especially in patients with risk factors such as:

• immobility
• surgery duration,
• history of deep vein thrombosis

It can present suddenly with acute shortness of breath, chest pain, and potentially life-threatening hemodynamic instability.

Explanation

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is well-known for its ototoxic effects

Potentially causing damage to the inner ear and leading to hearing loss or balance issues.

The other drugs listed are not typically associated with ototoxicity:

1. Contimycin: This appears to be a less commonly used or less well-known drug; assuming it refers to an antibioticIt is not generally recognized for ototoxicity.
2. Amoxicillin: This is a penicillin-type antibiotic and is not known to be ototoxic.
3. Erythromycin: This is a macrolide antibiotic and, it is not typically ototoxic.
4. Penicillin: This class of antibiotics is not associated with ototoxicity.

Explanation

The ability to perform alternating movements of the hands is referred to as Dysdiadochokinesia.

These movements can be quick and synchronous, including:

• pronation/supination
• fast finger tapping
• opening and closing of the fists
• foot tapping

Explanation

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is typically associated with bilateral lesions of the amygdala.

This syndrome is characterized by a constellation of symptoms including:

• hyperorality (putting objects in the mouth)
• hypersexuality
• visual agnosia (difficulty recognizing objects visually)
• and changes in emotion, including placidity and loss of fear and aggression.

These symptoms result from damage to the amygdala, a part of the brain involved in emotional processing and memory consolidation.

Explanation

The inspiratory center is situated in the upper part of the medulla oblongata.

This area is crucial for regulating the rhythm of breathing.

It is composed of a group of neurons (the dorsal respiratory group).

While the centers in the pons assist in regulating and fine-tuning the breathing process

Explanation

When the number of calculated females is expressed as a percentage of the total female population present in the village, it is called a Proportion

Proportion expresses the part of a whole (in this case, the calculated females) concerning the entire population (total females).

It is often expressed as a percentage.