Explanation

A switch operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.

It uses MAC addresses to forward data frames within a local network.

Explanation

1. Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., keyboard to computer).
2. Half-Duplex: Data can flow both ways, but not at the same time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
3. Full-Duplex: Data flows both ways simultaneously (e.g., telephone conversations).

Explanation

"The" is used when referring to a specific group, like "The Europeans" as a general class.

It's appropriate here to describe a known or general characteristic of Europeans.

Explanation

Communication between a keyboard and computer is simplex, meaning data flows in one direction only — from keyboard to computer.

The computer does not send data back to the keyboard during typing.

There are 3 main data transmission modes:

1. Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., keyboard to computer).
2. Half-Duplex: Data can flow both ways, but not at the same time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
3. Full-Duplex: Data flows both ways simultaneously (e.g., telephone conversations).

Explanation

A gateway is a device that connects two or more networks using different communication protocols.

It acts as a translator between systems so they can communicate effectively.

Explanation

A warm boot refers to restarting a computer without turning off the power (e.g., using Ctrl + Alt + Del or the restart option).

In contrast, a cold boot means starting the computer after it has been completely powered off.

Explanation

The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is responsible for regulating and maintaining quality in teacher education.

It ensures colleges meet required standards for training teachers effectively.

Explanation

معاشرت سے مراد ہے دوسروں کے ساتھ مل جل کر زندگی بسر کرنا یا سماجی زندگی گزارنا۔

یہ ایک فرد کے اجتماعی طور پر رہنے سہنے کے انداز کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

Explanation

Bluetooth is a short-range radio communication technology used for exchanging data over short distances (typically up to 10 meters).

It enables wireless connection between devices like phones, headsets, and computers.

Explanation

In the Demonstration Method, the teacher performs and explains practically.

It helps students see the process in action for better understanding.