Explanation

Under the National Education Policy 1972, free education was recommended up to class 10.

It would be implemented in two phases, making education up to class 8 free in 1972 and up to class 10 in 1974

Explanation

Formative assessment is used during the learning process to provide ongoing feedback.

Its main goal is to identify strengths and areas for improvement, helping both students and teachers adjust strategies.

Explanation

Summative evaluation is conducted at the end of a course or term to judge overall learning outcomes.

It helps in assigning grades and determining the effectiveness of instruction.

Explanation

Ontology is a branch of philosophy/metaphysics that studies the nature of being and existence.

It explores what kinds of things exist and how they relate to each other in reality.

Explanation

Explanation

Remembering is the simplest skill in Bloom's taxonomy's cognitive domain,

focusing on the ability to recall information.

It is a fundamental skill that sets:

• the stage for deeper comprehension
• and application of knowledge in various academic
• and real-world settings.
  

Explanation

A valid assessment measures exactly what it is intended to measure.

It is of utmost importance to ensure the validity of an assessment in the fields of education and psychology as:

It guarantees that the results obtained are both meaningful and reliable.

The significance of a valid assessment lies in the following aspects:

1. Measuring Intended Constructs

2. Reliability

3. Avoiding Bias

4. Improving Decision-Making

Explanation

A shared vision reflects the collective goals and values of all key stakeholders involved in the school’s success.

When community, leadership, teachers, and students contribute, it builds ownership, commitment, and unity toward school improvement.

Explanation

According to Jean Piaget, children learn and adapt through two key mental processes:

Assimilation – integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas.

Accommodation – adjusting existing schemas to fit new information.

Explanation

Inquiry-Based Science Teaching is rooted in the Constructivist approach, where students actively build their own understanding through questioning, exploring, and experimenting.

It encourages hands-on learning and critical thinking rather than passive memorization.