Explanation

When a proton and anti-proton annihilate, the energy release is equal to the sum of their rest mass energies.

The rest mass energy of a proton (or anti-proton) is approximately:

E = mc²

= (1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) × (3 × 10⁸ m/s)²

≈ 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Since both the proton and anti-proton annihilate, the total energy release is:

E_total = 2 × 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

≈ 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Explanation

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Explanation

Diffusion. It is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.

Examples of diffusion include perfume filling a whole room and the movement of small molecules across a cell membrane.

Explanation

Conical and cylindrical projections are types of map projections that use light from a source point.

In conical projections, the light source is at the center of the sphere, projecting onto a cone,

While cylindrical projections wrap the light around a cylinder.

Explanation

Beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons that interact frequently with air molecules.

These collisions cause them to change direction randomly, resulting in a zigzag or erratic path.