Explanation

Dynamic equilibrium is a state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

However, this equilibrium can be disturbed by external stresses such as:

• Changes in concentration
• Changes in temperature
• Changes in pressure
• Adding or removing reactants or products

Explanation

• In a suspension, the particle size is typically larger than 10 nm (nanometers) in diameter.
• Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where the particles of the solute (solid, liquid, or gas) are dispersed in a solvent (liquid, gas, or solid) and are visible to the naked eye or under a microscope.

Explanation

• An example of a true solution is Ink in water.
• In a true solution, the solute particles are completely dissolved and cannot be seen or separated by filtration, which is characteristic of ink dissolved in water.

Explanation

• The initial temperature of a liquid does not affect its boiling point.
• The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas at a given pressure.
• It is a physical property of the substance itself.

Explanation

• A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms.
• This type of bond typically occurs between nonmetal atoms, such as in molecules and organic compounds.

Explanation

• Lone pairs are electron pairs that are not shared by atoms in a covalent bond.
• They are pairs of electrons that are localized on a single atom and are not involved in bonding.
• Lone pairs are also known as non-bonding pairs or free pairs.

Explanation

• A molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the actual number and type of atoms in a molecule.
• It is a way to represent the composition of a molecule using symbols and numbers.

For example:

• Water: H2O (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)

Explanation

Acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO4), acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and silver nitrate (AgNO3 (in the form of Tollens' reagent) can all oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids. 

Acidified KMnO4:

• A strong oxidizing agent that readily converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
• It changes color from purple to colorless during the reaction. 

Acidified K2Cr2O7:

• Also a strong oxidizing agent that can oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
• It changes color from orange to green during the reaction. 

AgNO3 (in Tollens' reagent):

• A milder oxidizing agent compared to the previous two, but still capable of oxidizing aldehydes.
• It gives a characteristic silver mirror precipitate when reacting with an aldehyde. 

Explanation

A liquid with very high vapour pressure boils at a lower temperature because it reaches atmospheric pressure more quickly.

Boiling occurs when vapour pressure equals external pressure — higher vapour pressure means this happens sooner.

Explanation