Explanation

Sand flies belong to the order Diptera and possess wings, making them winged insects.

They are known for their small size and are vectors for various diseases, including leishmaniasis.

Explanation

Among the options provided, the condition that is commonly associated with long-standing cases of chronic suppurative otitis media is:

• Persistent tympanic membrane (T.M.) perforation
  

Chronic suppurative otitis media can lead to persistent perforation of the tympanic membrane,

which may fail to heal over time, especially in cases with repeated or chronic infections.

Explanation

Life expectancy at birth is an important indicator of a country's overall health status.

It takes into account various factors, such as"

• access to healthcare
• quality of life
• disease burden.

Explanation

The correct term for heating milk to a high temperature for a short period to kill bacteria is indeed pasteurization.

This method, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO),

Helps ensure the safety of milk for consumption by reducing the microbial load while preserving its nutritional qualities.

Explanation

• Structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
• They discovered the double-helix structure of DNA using X-ray crystallography data.
• Their discovery revealed the double-helix structure of DNA, where two complementary strands are twisted together with sugar and phosphate molecules, and the nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) pair in a specific manner.

Explanation

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, which pump and circulate blood throughout the body.

It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste from body tissues.

Explanation

Apple is not a citrus fruit; it belongs to the Rosaceae family.

Citrus fruits like grapefruit and lemon belong to the Rutaceae family.

They are rich in vitamin C.

Explanation

The age of a tree is determined by counting its growth rings (annual rings) in the trunk.

Each ring typically represents one year of growth.

Explanation

Chlorella is a unicellular green alga, meaning the entire organism consists of a single cell.

Bacteria are also unicellular but are prokaryotic, while Chlorella is eukaryotic.

Viruses are not made of cells at all.

Explanation

The process of detecting a change and signaling the effector's response in a control system is called a feedback mechanism.

This mechanism involves a receptor detecting a change, a control center (integrator) processing the information, and an effector carrying out the necessary response to maintain or restore a desired state.