Injurious to means مضر صحت یا نقصاندہ
We generally use to after detrimental and injurious.
To is a preposition here.
Smoking is injurious to health means تمباکوشی مضر صحت ہے
We generally use by with time.
by is a preposition here
What is the time by your watch means آپ کی گھڑی میں کیا وقت ہوا ہے
The correct sentence should be: "Send this letter to my address."
یہ خط میرے پتے پر بھیج دو۔
The preposition "to" is used to indicate the recipient or destination of the letter.
Superior, Senior, Junior etc are followed by preposition To.
He is superior to me.
She is senior to me.
"She is senior to me."
This phrase correctly uses "to" to compare seniority or rank between individuals.
Generally preposition "of" is used after "proud".
Proud itself is an adjective.
She assured me of her help.
اس نے مجھے اپنی مدد کا یقین دلایا۔
Here "of" shows that the "help" belongs to "she" (noun).