European gives vowel sound.
Usually Article the is used before unique things like Sun, Earth, Moon etc.
She confronted him and demanded an apology.
Because apology gives vowel sound.
Here the sentence is talking about a particular man.
Usually Article the is used for Nationalty.
Like, The Chinese, The Japanese, The Indian
Elect, appoint, made, nominate, declare + noun without Articles.
When I saw my son, he was going to university.
Same purpose: no article
Different purpose: Article used
Can I use your mobile to send an email?
کیا میں ایک ای میل سینڈ کرنے کے لیے آپ کا موبائل استعمال کرسکتا ہوں؟
A is an article here.
She wants to have a talk with you means وہ آپ سے ایک بات کرنا چاہتی ہے
He uses the mock-heroic style to depict violence.
No article required before violence.